FROM WIKIPEDIA COMMONS
The Louisiana Purchase (French: Vente de la Louisiane, lit. ‘Sale of Louisiana’) was the acquisition of the territory of Louisiana by the United States from Napoleonic France in 1803. In return for fifteen million dollars, or approximately eighteen dollars per square mile, the United States nominally acquired a total of 828,000 sq mi (2,140,000 km2; 530,000,000 acres). However, France only controlled a small fraction of this area, most of it inhabited by Native Americans; for the majority of the area, what the United States bought was the “preemptive” right to obtain “Indian” lands by treaty or by conquest, to the exclusion of other colonial powers. The total cost of all subsequent treaties and financial settlements over the land has been estimated to be around 2.6 billion dollars.
The Kingdom of France had controlled the Louisiana territory from 1699 until it was ceded to Spain in 1762. In 1800, Napoleon, the First Consul of the French Republic, regained ownership of Louisiana as part of a broader project to re-establish a French colonial empire in North America. However, France’s failure to put down a revolt in Saint-Domingue, coupled with the prospect of renewed warfare with the United Kingdom, prompted Napoleon to consider selling Louisiana to the United States. Acquisition of Louisiana was a long-term goal of President Thomas Jefferson, who was especially eager to gain control of the crucial Mississippi River port of New Orleans. Jefferson tasked James Monroe and Robert R. Livingston with purchasing New Orleans. Negotiating with French Treasury Minister François Barbé-Marbois (who was acting on behalf of Napoleon), the American representatives quickly agreed to purchase the entire territory of Louisiana after it was offered. Overcoming the opposition of the Federalist Party, Jefferson and Secretary of State James Madison persuaded Congress to ratify and fund the Louisiana Purchase.
The Louisiana Purchase extended United States sovereignty across the Mississippi River, nearly doubling the nominal size of the country. The purchase included land from fifteen present U.S. states and two Canadian provinces, including the entirety of Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska; large portions of North Dakota and South Dakota; the area of Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado east of the Continental Divide; the portion of Minnesota west of the Mississippi River; the northeastern section of New Mexico; northern portions of Texas; New Orleans and the portions of the present state of Louisiana west of the Mississippi River; and small portions of land within Alberta and Saskatchewan. At the time of the purchase, the territory of Louisiana’s non-native population was around 60,000 inhabitants, of whom half were enslaved Africans. The western borders of the purchase were later settled by the 1819 Adams–Onís Treaty with Spain, while the northern borders of the purchase were adjusted by the Treaty of 1818 with Britain.
TODAY’S ALMANAC
Question of the Day
When making meringue pie, should refrigerated eggs or room temperature eggs be used?Use eggs at room temperature next time you make a meringue pie. Cold eggs cause problems in foam and sponge recipes because, when beaten, they do not increase in volume as much as warm eggs do. In general, all ingredients should be brought to room temperature (between 65 and 70°F) before baking.
Advice of the Day
To prevent seasickness, carry a pouch of roasted salt in your pocket.
Home Hint of the Day
To get any part of your project perfectly vertical, hang a plumb line. A plumb line is a heavy object on a string. When the object is at rest, the string is perfectly vertical. For the most accurate readings, use a tool called a plumb bob.
Word of the Day
AlaskaAlaska’s name comes from an Aleut word meaning “great land.”
Puzzle of the Day
What flowers can be found between the nose and chin?Tulips (two lips)
Born
- Harvey Samuel Firestone (tire manufacturer) – 1868
- Irene Dunne (actress) – 1898
- George Roy Hill (director of film) – 1922
- Nicole DeBoer (actress) – 1970
- Jonah Hill (actor) – 1983
- JoJo (singer) – 1990
Died
- Bobby Darin (singer) – 1973
- Arthur Rubenstein (pianist) – 1982
- Carl Sagan (astronomer) – 1996
- J. Russell Coffey (oldest known U.S. veteran of World War I) – 2007
- Robert Mulligan (director) – 2008
- Brittany Murphy (actress) – 2009
- Steve Landesberg (actor) – 2010
Events
- Operation of first successful water-powered cotton spinning mill in U.S. began, Pawtucket, Rhode Island– 1790
- Louisiana Purchase finalized– 1803
- Missouri imposed a $1 tax on bachelors– 1820
- South Carolina seceded from the Union– 1860
- Name Canadian National Railways” was authorized”– 1918
- 24-lb. 8-oz. horse-eye jack caught, Miami, Florida– 1982
- California angler caught 230-pound Nile perch in Lake Nasser, Egypt– 2000
Weather
- Temperatures in central Illinois dropped from 40 to 0 degrees F in a sudden cold snap that was said to freeze chickens in their tracks– 1836
- Snowstorm began in Denver, Colorado, that delivered up to 30 inches of snow– 2006
COURTESY www.almanac.com
